![]() ![]() ![]() 17 18 For example, the intake of certain food items may be exaggerated or understated according to people's wishes to meet health recommendations, and this misclassification may be associated with educational level, income, and preference for different alcoholic drinks. 14 – 16 However, self reporting may lead to under-reporting or over-reporting of diet and other lifestyle factors. ![]() 9 Some studies have found that wine drinkers have a healthier diet than people who drink beer or spirits, and variation in diet associated with the preferred drink may explain why wine has an additional beneficial effect on health. Usually, the relations between drinking beer, wine, and spirits and health outcomes are adjusted for confounding by sex, age, social class, and smoking however, differences in beverage-specific drinking patterns or other risk factors could also affect the findings. 4 7 8 10 11 Several components of wine have anti-thrombotic and anti-carcinogenic effects: polyphenolic substances inhibit platelet aggregation 12 13 and resveratrol inhibits the initiation, promotion, and progression of tumours. 8 9 Wine drinkers have a reduced risk of death from coronary heart disease and specific cancers. 1 – 7 The differential effects of beer and wine on morbidity and mortality indicate that components other than ethanol may be important. The relation be total alcohol intake and mortality is J shaped, 1 – 5 and the reduced risk of death associated with a small intake of alcohol may be due to the protective effect of ethanol against coronary heart disease. ![]()
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